*Doses are commonly-reported figures from public sources, not a recommendation. Educational only.
| Year | Title / venue | Source |
|---|---|---|
| 2025 | Aging and Thymosin Alpha-1 International journal of molecular sciences · preclinical | PMID 41373628 |
| 2024 | Thymosin α1 reverses oncolytic adenovirus-induced M2 polarization of macrophages to improve antitumor immunity and therapeutic efficacy Cell reports. Medicine · preclinical | PMID 39357524 |
| 2024 | Phenotypic drug discovery: a case for thymosin alpha-1 Frontiers in medicine · preclinical | PMID 38903817 |
| 2024 | Thymosin Alpha 1 Plus Routine Treatment for the Acute Exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons--Pakistan : JCPSP · preclinical | PMID 39648386 |
| 2024 | Comprehensive Review of the Safety and Efficacy of Thymosin Alpha 1 in Human Clinical Trials Alternative therapies in health and medicine · preclinical | PMID 38308608 |
| 2023 | A Pilot Trial of Thymalfasin (Thymosin-α-1) to Treat Hospitalized Patients With Hypoxemia and Lymphocytopenia Due to Coronavirus Disease 2019 Infection The Journal of infectious diseases · preclinical | PMID 36056913 |
| 2023 | Thymosin α-1 in cancer therapy: Immunoregulation and potential applications International immunopharmacology · preclinical | PMID 36812669 |
| 2023 | The efficacy of thymosin alpha-1 therapy in moderate to critical COVID-19 patients: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression Inflammopharmacology · preclinical | PMID 37845598 |
| 2022 | Thymosin α-1 Reverses M2 Polarization of Tumor-Associated Macrophages during Efferocytosis Cancer research · preclinical | PMID 35364609 |
| 2021 | Efficacy of Thymosin Alpha 1 in the Treatment of COVID-19: A Multicenter Cohort Study Frontiers in immunology · preclinical | PMID 34408744 |
| 2020 | Thymosin alpha 1: A comprehensive review of the literature World journal of virology · preclinical | PMID 33362999 |
| 2019 | Bioactive Thymosin Alpha-1 Does Not Influence F508del-CFTR Maturation and Activity Scientific reports · preclinical | PMID 31311979 |
| 2018 | Thymosin alpha 1 treatment for patients with sepsis Expert opinion on biological therapy · preclinical | PMID 30063866 |
| 2018 | Serum thymosin alpha 1 levels in normal and pathological conditions Expert opinion on biological therapy · preclinical | PMID 30063864 |
| 2017 | Thymosin alpha 1 and HIV-1: recent advances and future perspectives Future microbiology · preclinical | PMID 28106477 |
| 2016 | Immune Modulation with Thymosin Alpha 1 Treatment Vitamins and hormones · preclinical | PMID 27450734 |
| 2016 | Structures of Thymosin Proteins Vitamins and hormones · preclinical | PMID 27450728 |
| 2015 | Thymosin alpha-1 treatment in chronic hepatitis B Expert opinion on biological therapy · preclinical | PMID 25640173 |
| 2015 | Historical review of thymosin α 1 in infectious diseases Expert opinion on biological therapy · preclinical | PMID 26098768 |
| 2004 | Thymalfasin (thymosin-alpha 1) therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis B Journal of gastroenterology and hepatology · preclinical | PMID 15546254 |
| 2004 | Thymalfasin (thymosin-alpha 1) therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis B Journal of gastroenterology and hepatology · preclinical | PMID 15641208 |
| 2001 | Thymosin alpha-1 American journal of health-system pharmacy : AJHP : official journal of the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists · preclinical | PMID 11381492 |
| 1998 | Thymic endocrinology Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · preclinical | PMID 9629262 |
| 1994 | Clinical applications of thymosin alpha-1 Cancer investigation · preclinical | PMID 7922712 |
| 1994 | T-cell adjuvants International journal of immunopharmacology · preclinical | PMID 7806429 |
Thymosin Alpha-1 (Thymosin Alpha-1 (Tα1)). 28-amino-acid peptide derived from prothymosin alpha. Immunomodulatory: enhances T-cell maturation/function, dendritic-cell and NK activity, and Toll-like-receptor signalling.
Commonly discussed uses: immune support adjunct (approved in some countries for hepatitis B/C, as vaccine adjuvant, sepsis research). There is both human and animal/preclinical research, though the depth and quality vary by indication. Note: most uses are not approved indications.
Mechanism: 28-amino-acid peptide derived from prothymosin alpha. Immunomodulatory: enhances T-cell maturation/function, dendritic-cell and NK activity, and Toll-like-receptor signalling.
Reported considerations: generally well tolerated, injection-site reaction. There is both human and animal/preclinical research, though the depth and quality vary by indication. Approved/marketed as Zadaxin in several countries (e.g. parts of Asia, Latin America); not approved in AU/US/UK. This is not a safety endorsement; safety data for unapproved compounds is incomplete.
Commonly cited ranges (educational reference, not a recommendation): low 1.6mg 2x/week, typical 1.6mg SC twice weekly (registered protocols), high varies by clinical indication. Administration: subcutaneous. Half-life: ~2 hours.
Australian status: Not ARTG-registered; research/compounded with prescription. Approved/marketed as Zadaxin in several countries (e.g. parts of Asia, Latin America); not approved in AU/US/UK. General regulatory context: most active peptides are Schedule 4 and require a prescription; import via the Personal Importation Scheme requires a valid Australian prescription for prescription-only goods.
Reconstitution/storage reference: 1ml sterile water per 1.6mg vial (per registered product); storage: refrigerated after reconstitution.
Commonly discussed combinations (anecdotal for unapproved compounds): used standalone in clinical immune protocols. Stacking increases interaction/safety uncertainty.