*Doses are commonly-reported figures from public sources, not a recommendation. Educational only.
| Year | Title / venue | Source |
|---|---|---|
| 2025 | Identification of glutamine as a potential therapeutic target in dry eye disease Signal transduction and targeted therapy · preclinical | PMID 39837870 |
| 2025 | Recombinant human thymosin beta 4 improves ischemic cardiac dysfunction in mice and patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction after reperfusion Cardiovascular research · preclinical | PMID 41229390 |
| 2025 | Thymosin Beta-4 Modulates Cardiac Remodeling by Regulating ROCK1 Expression in Adult Mammals International journal of molecular sciences · preclinical | PMID 40362372 |
| 2023 | Thymosin beta-4 participate in antibacterial immunity and wound healing in black tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon Fish & shellfish immunology · preclinical | PMID 37689229 |
| 2023 | Thymosin beta-4 denotes new directions towards developing prosperous anti-aging regenerative therapies International immunopharmacology · preclinical | PMID 36709593 |
| 2021 | Thymosin beta-4 prenatal administration improves fetal development and halts side effects due to preterm delivery European review for medical and pharmacological sciences · preclinical | PMID 33506933 |
| 2018 | Thymosin beta 4 and the eye: the journey from bench to bedside Expert opinion on biological therapy · preclinical | PMID 30063853 |
| 2018 | Thymosin Beta-4 and Ciprofloxacin Adjunctive Therapy Improves Pseudomonas aeruginosa-Induced Keratitis Cells · preclinical | PMID 30241380 |
| 2018 | Expression and localisation of thymosin beta-4 in the developing human early fetal heart PloS one · preclinical | PMID 30412598 |
| 2016 | Cardioprotection by Thymosin Beta 4 Vitamins and hormones · preclinical | PMID 27450736 |
| 2016 | Thymosin Beta 4: A Potential Novel Therapy for Neurotrophic Keratopathy, Dry Eye, and Ocular Surface Diseases Vitamins and hormones · preclinical | PMID 27450739 |
| 2016 | Thymosin β4 Promotes Dermal Healing Vitamins and hormones · preclinical | PMID 27450738 |
| 2014 | Thymosin β 4 gene silencing decreases stemness and invasiveness in glioblastoma Brain : a journal of neurology · preclinical | PMID 24355709 |
| 2012 | Thymosin β4: a multi-functional regenerative peptide. Basic properties and clinical applications Expert opinion on biological therapy · preclinical | PMID 22074294 |
| 2012 | Thymosin beta 4 is dispensable for murine cardiac development and function Circulation research · preclinical | PMID 22158707 |
| 2007 | beta-Thymosins Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · preclinical | PMID 17468232 |
| 2007 | Thymosin beta-4 and the eye: I can see clearly now the pain is gone Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · preclinical | PMID 17495249 |
| 2007 | Thymosin beta-4 is essential for coronary vessel development and promotes neovascularization via adult epicardium Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · preclinical | PMID 17495252 |
| 2003 | Thymosin beta(4) reduces lethality and down-regulates inflammatory mediators in endotoxin-induced septic shock International immunopharmacology · preclinical | PMID 12860178 |
| 2002 | Thymosin beta 4 promotes corneal wound healing and decreases inflammation in vivo following alkali injury Experimental eye research · preclinical | PMID 11950239 |
Thymosin Beta-4 (full) (Thymosin Beta-4 (Tβ4, full 43-residue peptide)). Endogenous 43-amino-acid actin-sequestering peptide. Promotes cell migration, angiogenesis, anti-apoptosis, and modulates inflammation/fibrosis; studied in cardiac repair and corneal/dermal wound healing.
Commonly discussed uses: wound-healing and cardiac-repair research, dry-eye/corneal research (RGN-259 in trials). There is both human and animal/preclinical research, though the depth and quality vary by indication. Note: most uses are not approved indications.
Mechanism: Endogenous 43-amino-acid actin-sequestering peptide. Promotes cell migration, angiogenesis, anti-apoptosis, and modulates inflammation/fibrosis; studied in cardiac repair and corneal/dermal wound healing.
Reported considerations: ophthalmic trials: generally well tolerated, systemic safety data limited. There is both human and animal/preclinical research, though the depth and quality vary by indication. WADA-prohibited. Investigational in formal trials (e.g. ophthalmic RGN-259); not an approved therapeutic. This is not a safety endorsement; safety data for unapproved compounds is incomplete.
Commonly cited ranges (educational reference, not a recommendation): low trial-defined, typical investigational (e.g. ophthalmic drops in trials), high trial-defined. Administration: topical/ophthalmic (trials), subcutaneous (research), intravenous (trials). Half-life: ~hours systemic.
Australian status: Not ARTG-registered; research; WADA prohibited (as TB-500/Tβ4). WADA-prohibited. Investigational in formal trials (e.g. ophthalmic RGN-259); not an approved therapeutic. General regulatory context: most active peptides are Schedule 4 and require a prescription; import via the Personal Importation Scheme requires a valid Australian prescription for prescription-only goods.
Reconstitution/storage reference: research/trial-defined; storage: refrigerated.
Commonly discussed combinations (anecdotal for unapproved compounds): research/clinical-trial use; distinct from grey-market 'TB-500'. Stacking increases interaction/safety uncertainty.